daljitsingh

The jams and clogs at every vital chowk is the biggest problem in the city and DCP Traffic Ms. Bharti Arora has sincerely and rightly sought the solution from the public and road traffic management experts. Every one has realized that the high way planners and designers of NHAI has bitterly failed in Gurgaon Highway project. I appreciate the flyover at Panipat Ambala Zirakpur, here the city is completely bypassed and the city traffic is not mixing with the Highway traffic. The L& T elevated corridor is also a good improvement in the design features in Panipat.

The Gurgaon highway stretch from Delhi Toll-Plaza to Kherki Dhaula Toll-Plaza and beyond Manesar ,the planners did not visualized perhaps, ten years ago the enormous Industrial expansion and High Rise MNC office and residential buildings in the Millennium city of Gurgaon .NHAI did not perhaps consult the Haryana city planners DTCP (Director Town and Country Planning )This is quite evident from the fact that all chowks are facing problems. Hero Honda Chowk IFFCO CHOWK Shanker Chowk Rajive Chowk are glaring examples of bad planning.

Now for IFFCO chowk I have to point out that with existing design it is not possible to improve the traffic situation unless UNDERPASS or alternate system is made at these crossings for the traffic coming from Sukhrali to MG road and I have the following details which NHAI would also appreciate.

A) In Delhi at various road crossings the underpasses are constructed and are working successfully. I also propose similar type of underpass for the traffic coming from Sukhrali to MG road.

B) Provide (existing )the slip roads at the level of existing road for left turn be provided with long lead at least 75 to 100 meters (long lead because normally short slip roads also clogged and are not functional) on Sukhrali side and MG road near Essel Tower.

C) Provide existing) slip roads for traffic coming from Rajiv Chowk turning left to Sukhrali ith long lead.

D) Provide (existing) slip road lbr traffic coming from Delhi turning left to MG road with long lead.

E) Provide effective signals on highway lbr Right side turning traffic.

F) Close exit no 6 and 17 provided on the NH -8 to avoid crowding of traffic at the chowk below going to the right side of MG road and to Sukhrali from Dethi.

G) The under pass road so made will be one way and without signals NHAI can make proper design of UNDER PASS strategy to avoid or facilitate right turning traffic with minimum clogging on the main highway.

H) Under pass may be having minimum workable width to keep maximum width to accommodate the left turn traffic and traffic coming to and fro of under pass.

This is a suggestion only which may be considered by experts to give a practical shape.

tenestism

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bq2000T
Programmable Multi-Chemistry
Fast-Charge Management IC
Features
âž? Safe management of fast charge for NiCd, NiMH, or Li-Ion battery packs
âž? High-frequency switching controller for efficient and simple charger design
âž? Pre-charge qualification for detecting shorted, damaged, or overheated cells
âž? Fast-charge termination by t minimum current
(Li-Ion), maximum tempera- ture, and maximum charge time
âž? Selectable top- off mode for achieving maximum capacity in NiMH batteries
âž? Programmable trickle-charge mode for reviving deeply dis- charged batteries and for post-charge maintenance
âž? Built-in battery removal and insertion detection
âž? Sleep mode for low power consumption
General Description
The bq2000T is a programmable, monolithic IC for fast-charge man- agement of nick el cadmium (NiCd), nick el metal-hydride (NiMH), or lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries in single- or multi-chemistry applications. The bq2000T detects the battery chem- istry and proceeds with the opti- mal charging and termination al- gorithms. This process eliminates undesirable undercharged or overcharged conditions and allows accurate and safe termination of fast charge.
Depending on the chemistry, the bq2000T provides a number of charge termination criteria:
Rate of temperature rise, t
(for NiCd and NiMH)
Minimum charging current (for
Li-Ion)
Maximum temperature
Maximum charge time
For safety, the bq2000T inhibits fast charge until the battery volt- age and temperature are within user-defined limits. If the battery voltage is below the low-voltage threshold, the bq2000T uses trickle-charge to condition the battery. For NiMH batteries, the bq2000T provides an optional top- off charge to maximize the battery capacity.
The integrated high-frequency comparator allows the bq2000T to be the basis for a complete, high-efficiency power-conversion circuit for both nickel-based and lithium-based chemistries.
Pin Connections Pin Names
SNS Current-sense input
VSS System ground
LED Charge-status
TS Temperature-sense input
RC Timer-program input
output
BAT Battery-voltage
Supply-voltage input
MOD Modulation-control output
8-Pin DIP or Narrow SOIC
or TSSOP
PN-2000.eps
SLUS149B–FEBRUARY 2001
bq2000T
Pin Descriptions
SNS Current-sense input
Enables the bq2000T to sense the battery current via the voltage developed on this pin by an external sense-resistor con- nected in series with the battery pack
VSS System Ground
LED Charge-status output
Open-drain output that indicates the charging status by turning on, turning off, or flashing an external LED
BAT Battery-voltage input
Battery-voltage sense input. A simple resis- tive divider, across the battery terminals, generates this input.
TS Temperature-sense input
Input for an external battery-temperature monitoring circuit. An external resistive divider network with a negative tempera- ture-coefficient thermistor sets the lower and upper temperature thresholds.
RC Timer-program input
RC input used to program the maximum charge-time, hold-off period, and trickle rate during the charge cycle, and to dis- able or enable top-off charge
VCC Supply-voltage input
MOD Modulation-control output
Push-pull output that controls the charg- ing current to the battery. MOD switches high to enable charging current to flow and low to inhibit charging- current flow.
Functional Description
The bq2000T is a versatile, multi-chemistry battery- charge control device. See Figure 1 for a functional block diagram and Figure 2 for the state diagram.
Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram
bq2000T
Figure 2. State Diagram
bq2000T
Initiation and Charge Qualification
The bq2000T initiates a charge cycle when it detects
Application of power to VCC
Battery replacement
Exit from sleep mode
Capacity depletion (Li-Ion only)
Immediately following initiation, the IC enters a charge-qualification mode. The bq2000T charge qualification is based on batter y voltage and temperature. If voltage on pin BAT is less than the internal threshold, VLBAT , the bq2000T enters the charge-pending state. This condition indicates the possiblility of a defective or shorted battery pack. In an attempt to revive a fully depleted pack, the bq2000T enables the MOD pin to trickle-charge at a rate of once every 1.0s. As explained in the section “Top- Off and Pulse-Trickle Charge,�the trickle pulse-width is user-selectable and is set by the value of the resistance connected to pin RC.
During this period, the LED pin blinks at a 1Hz rate, indicating the pending status of the charger.
Similarly, the bq2000T suspends fast charge if the battery temperature is outside the VLTF to VHTF range. (See Table 4.) For safety reasons, however, it disables the pulse trickle, in the case of a batter y over-temperature condition (i.e., VTS < VHTF). Fast
charge begins when the battery temperature and voltage are valid.
Battery Chemistry
The bq2000T detects the battery chemistry by moni- toring the battery-voltage profile during fast charge. If the voltage on BAT input rises to the internal VMCV reference, the IC assumes a Li-Ion battery. Otherwise the bq2000T assumes NiCd/NiMH chemistry.
As shown in Figure 6, a resistor voltage-divider be- tween the battery pack’s positive terminal and VSS scales the battery voltage measured at pin BAT. In a mixed-chemistry design, a common voltage-divider is used as long as the maximum charge voltage of the nickel-based pack is below that of the Li-Ion pack. Otherwise, different scaling is required.
Once the chemistry is determined, the bq2000T completes the fast charge with the appropriate charge algorithm (Table 1). The user can customize the algorithm by programming the device using an external resistor and a capacitor connected to the RC pin, as discussed in later sections.
NiCd and NiMH Batteries
Following qualification, the bq2000T fast-charges NiCd or NiMH batteries using a current-limited algo- rithm. During the fast-charge period, it monitors charge time, temperature, and voltage for adherence to the termination criteria. This monitoring is further
Voltage
Fast Charge
Phase 1 Phase 2
Trickle
Current
GR2000CA.eps
Figure 3. Lithium-Ion Charge Algorithm
bq2000T
Table 1. Charge Algorithm
Battery Chemistry
Charge Algorithm
NiCd or NiMH
1. Charge qualification
2. Trickle charge, if required
3. Fast charge (constant current)
4. Charge termination (∆T/∆t, time)
5. Top-off (optional)
6. Trickle charge
1. Charge qualification
2. Trickle charge, if required
3. Two-step fast charge (constant current followed by constant voltage)
4. Charge termination (minimum current, time)
explained in later sections. Following fast charge, the battery is topped off, if top-off is selected. The charg- ing cycle ends with a trickle maintenance-charge that continues as long as the voltage on pin BAT remains below VMCV.
Lithium-Ion Batteries
The bq2000T uses a two-phase fast-charge algorithm for Li-Ion batteries (Figure 3). In phase one, the bq2000T regulates constant current until VBAT rises to VMCV. The bq2000T then moves to phase two, regu- lates the battery with constant voltage of VMCV, and terminates when the charging current falls below the IMIN threshold. A new charge cycle is started if the cell voltage falls below the VRCH threshold.
During the current-regulation phase, the bq2000T monitors charge time, battery temperature, and battery voltage for adherence to the termination criteria. During the final constant-voltage stage, in addition to the charge time and temperature, it monitors the charge current as a termination criterion. There is no post-charge maintenance mode for Li-Ion batteries.
Charge Termination
Maximum Charge Time (NiCD, NiMH, and
Li-Ion)
The bq2000T sets the maximum charge-time through pin RC. With the proper selection of external resistor and capacitor, various time- out values may be achieved. Figure 4 shows a typical connection.
The following equation shows the relationship be- tween the RMTO and CMTO values and the maximum charge time (MTO) for the bq2000T:
MTO = RMTO �CMTO �35,988
MTO is measured in minutes, RMTO in ohms, and
CMTO in farads. (Note: RMTO and CMTO values also de-
termine other features of the device. See Tables 2 and 3 for details.)
For Li-Ion cells, the bq2000T resets the MTO when the battery reaches the constant-voltage phase of the charge. This feature provides the additional charge time required for Li-Ion cells.
Maximum Temperature (NiCd, NiMH, Li-Ion)
A negative-coefficient thermistor, referenced to VSS and placed in thermal contact with the battery, may be used as a temperature-sensing device. Figure 5 shows a typical temperature-sensing circuit.
During fast charge, the bq2000T compares the bat- tery temperature to an internal high-temperature cutoff threshold, VTCO. As shown in Table 4, high-tem- perature termination occurs when voltage at pin TS is less than this threshold.
T/ t (NiCd, NiMH)
When fast charging, the bq2000T monitors the volt- age at pin TS for rate of temperature change detec- tion, �T/�t. The bq2000T samples the voltage at the TS pin every 16s and compares it to the value mea- sured 2 samples earlier. This feature terminates fast charge if this voltage declines at a rate of
161 Min �Figure 5 shows a typical connection diagram.
Minimum Current (Li-Ion Only)
The bq2000T monitors the charging current during the voltage-regulation phase of Li-Ion batteries. Fast charge is terminated when the current is tapered off to 7% of the maximum charging current. Please note that this threshold is different for the bq2000.
Initial Hold-Off Period
bq2000T
bq2000T
VCC 7
F2000T RCI.eps
Figure 4. Typical Connection for the RC Input
VSS VCC
bq2000T
N Battery
T Pack
F2000TTMC.eps
Figure 5. Temperature Monitoring Configuration
4 BAT
bq2000T
F2000TBVD.eps
Figure 6. Battery Voltage Divider
bq2000T
The values of the external resistor and capacitor con- nected to pin RC set the initial hold-off period. Dur- ing this period, the bq2000T avoids early termination by disabling the �T/�t feature. This period is fixed at the programmed value of the maximum charge time divided by 32.
maximum time - out hold-off period =
Top-Off and Pulse-Trickle Charge
An optional top-off charge is available for NiCd or NiMH batteries. Top-off may be desirable on batter- ies that have a tendency to terminate charge before reaching full capacity. To enable this option, the ca- pacitance value of CMTO connected to pin RC (Figure
4) should be greater than 0.13�F, and the value of the resistor connected to this pin should be less than
15k� To disable top- off, the capacitance value should be less than 0.07�F. The tolerance of the ca-
pacitor needs to be taken into account in component
During top- off and trickle-charge, the bq2000T monitors battery voltage and temperature. These functions are suspended if the battery voltage rises above the maximum cell voltage (VMCV) or if the tem- perature exceeds the high-temperature fault threshold (VHTF).
Charge Current Control
The bq2000T controls the charge current through the MOD output pin. The current-control circuit supports a switching-current regulator with frequencies up to 500kHz. The bq2000T monitors charge current at the SNS input by the voltage drop across a sense-resistor, RSNS , in series with the batter y p ack. See F igure 9 for a typical c ur- rent-sensing circuit. RSNS is sized to provide the desired fast-charge current (IMAX):
If the voltage at the SNS pin is greater than V or
selection.
less than V
, the bq2000T switches
the MOD
Once enabled, the top-off is performed over a period equal to the maximum charge time at a rate of 1 that of fast charge.
Following top-off, the bq2000T trickle-charges the battery by enabling the MOD to charge at a rate of once every 1.0 second. The trickle pulse-width is user-selectable and is set by the value of the resistor RMTO, which is on pin RC. Figure 7 shows the relation- ship between the trickle pulse-width and the value of RMTO. The typical tolerance of the pulsewidth below
150k�is �0%.
output high to pass charge current to the battery.
When the SNS voltage is less than VSNSLO or greater than VSNSHI, the bq2000T switches the MOD output low to shut off charging current to the battery. Figure
8 shows a typical multi-chemistry charge circuit.
Voltage Input
As shown in Figure 6, a resistor voltage-divider be- tween the battery pack’s positive terminal and VSS scales the battery voltage measured at pin BAT.
Shows Tolerance
2 4 6 8 10 50 100 150 200 250
RMTO—k�2000PNvB3.eps
Figure 7. Relationship Between Trickle Pulse-Width and Value of RMTO
bq2000T
MMBT3904LT1
FMMT718
47UH D2
MMSD914LT
MMSD914LT C8
120 OHMS
ZHCS1000
D6 BZT52-C5V1
D1 RED
0.0022UF
2 VSS
4.7PF R1
100K MOD 8
VCC 7
TS 5
MMBT3904LT1
220 OHMS
bq2000T
0.1 R11
CHEMISTRY BAT -
0.05 OHM
NOTES: 1. For Li-Ion, the CHEMISTRY is left floating.
For NiCd/NiMH, the CHEMISTRY is tied to BAT-
2. DC input voltage: 9�6V
3. Charge current: 1A
4. L1: 3L Global P/N PKSMD-1005-470K-1A
Pn1031a02.eps
Figure 8. Single-Cell Li-Ion, Three-Cell NiCd/NiMH 1A Charger
bq2000T
Table 2. Summary of NiCd or NiMH Charging Characteristics
Parameter
Maximum cell voltage (VMCV)
Minimum pre-charge qualification voltage (VLBAT)
High-temperature cutoff voltage (VTCO)
0.225 �VCC
High-temperature fault voltage (VHTF)
0.25 �VCC
Low-temperature fault voltage (VLTF)
0.5 �VCC
bq2000T fast-charge maximum time out (MTO)
RMTO �CMTO �35,988
Fast-charge charging current (IMAX)
0.05/RSNS
Hold-off period
MTO/32
Top-off charging current (optional)
IMAX/16
Top-off period (optional)
Trickle-charge frequency
Trickle-charge pulse-width
See Figure 7
For Li-Ion battery packs, the resistor values RB1 and
RB2 are calculated by the following equation:
In a m ixed-chemistr y design, a common volt- age-divider is used as long as the maximum charge
� �VCELL  �1
VMCV �voltage of the nickel-based pack is below that of the
Li-Ion pack. Otherwise, different scaling is required.
where N is the number of cells in series and VCELL is the manufacturer-specified charging voltage. The end-to-end input impedance of this resistive divider network should be at least 200k� and no more than
A NiCd or NiMH battery pack consisting of N se- ries-cells may benefit by the selection of the RB1 value to be N-1 times larger than the RB2 value.
Temperature Monitoring
The bq2000T measures the temperature by the voltage at the TS pin. This voltage is typically generated by a negative-temperature-coefficient thermistor. The bq2000T compares this voltage against its internal threshold voltages to determine if charging is safe.
Table 3. Summary of Li-Ion Charging Characteristics
Parameter
Maximum cell voltage (VMCV)
Minimum pre-charge qualification voltage (VLBAT)
High-temperature cutoff voltage (VTCO)
0.225 �VCC
High-temperature fault voltage (VHTF)
0.25 �VCC
Low-temperature fault voltage (VLTF)
0.5 �VCC
bq2000T fast-charge maximum time-out (MTO)
2 �RMTO �CMTO �35,988
Fast-charge charging current (IMAX)
0.05/RSNS
Hold-off period
MTO/32
Minimum current (for fast-charge termination)
IMAX/14
Trickle-charge frequency (before fast charge only)
Trickle-charge pulse-width (before fast charge only)
See Figure 7
bq2000T
Table 4. Temperature-Monitoring Conditions
Temperature
Condition
Action
VTS > VLTF
Cold battery—checked at all times
Suspends fast charge or top-off and timer Allows trickle charge—LED flashes at 1Hz rate during pre-charge qualification and fast charge
VHTF < VTS < VLTF
Optimal operating range
Allows charging
VTS < VHTF
Hot battery—checked during charge qualification and top-off and
trickle-charge
Suspends fast-charge initiation, does not al- low trickle charge—LED flashes at 1Hz rate during pre-charge qualification
These thresholds are the following:
High-temperature cutoff voltage: VTCO = 0.225 �VCC This voltage corresponds to the maximum temperature (TCO) at which fast charging is allowed. The bq2000T terminates fast charge if the voltage on pin TS falls below VTCO.
High-temperature fault voltage: VHTF = 0.25 �VCC This voltage corresponds to the temperature (HTF) at which fast charging is allowed to begin.
Low-temperature fault voltage: VLTF = 0.5 �VCC
This voltage corresponds to the minimum
temperature (LTF) at which fast charging or top-off is allowed. If the voltage on pin TS rises above VLTF, the bq2000T suspends fast charge or
Table 4 summarizes these various conditions.
Charge Status Display
The charge status is indicated by open-drain output LED. Table 5 summarizes the display output of the bq2000T.
Table 5. Charge Status Display
1 SNS Cf
Power Supply ground bq2000 ground
bq2000T
2000TCS.eps
top-off but does not terminate charge. When the voltage falls back below VLTF, fast charge or top-off resumes from the point where suspended. Trickle-charge is allowed during this condition.
Figure 9. Current-Sensing Circuit
Sleep Mode
The bq2000T features a sleep mode for low power consumption. This mode is enabled when the voltage at pin BAT is above the low-power-mode threshold, VSLP. During sleep mode, the bq2000T shuts down all internal circuits, drives the LED output to high-impedance state, and drives pin MOD to low. Restoring BAT below the VMCV threshold initiates the IC and starts a fast-charge cycle.
bq2000T
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Parameter
Minimum
Maximum
VCC relative to VSS
DC voltage applied on any pin, ex- cluding VCC relative to VSS
Operating ambient temperature
Storage temperature
TSOLDER
Soldering temperature
10s max.
Note: Permanent device damage may occur if Absolute Maximum Ratings are exceeded. Functional op- eration should be limited to the Recommended DC Operating Conditions detailed in this data sheet. Exposure to conditions beyond the operational limits for extended periods of time may af- fect device reliability.
DC Thresholds (TA = TOPR; VCC = 5V ï‚?0% unless otherwise specified)
Parameter
Rating
Tolerance
Temperature cutoff
0.225 * VCC
Voltage at pin TS
High-temperature fault
0.25 * VCC
Voltage at pin TS
Low-temperature fault
0.5 * VCC
Voltage at pin TS
Maximum cell voltage
VBAT > VMCV inhibits fast charge
Minimum cell voltage
Voltage at pin BAT
TS input change for ∆T/∆t detection
High threshold at SNS, resulting in
MOD-low
Voltage at pin SNS
Low threshold at SNS, resulting in
MOD-high
Voltage at pin SNS
Sleep-mode input threshold
VCC - 1
Applied to pin BAT
Recharge threshold
VMCV - 0.1
At pin BAT
bq2000T
Recommended DC Operating Conditions (TA = TOPR)
Condition
Minimum
Typical
Maximum
Supply voltage
Supply current
Exclusive of external loads
Sleep current
VBAT = VSLP
Thermistor input
VTS < 0.5V prohibited
Output high
VCC - 0.2
MOD, IOH = 20mA
Output low
MOD, LED, IOL = 20mA
High-impedance leakage current
Sink current
MOD, LED
Charge timer resistor
Charge timer capacitor
Note: All voltages relative to VSS except as noted.
Impedance
Parameter
Minimum
Typical
Maximum
Battery input impedance
TS input impedance
SNS input impedance
Timing (TA = TOPR; VCC = 5V ï‚?0% unless otherwise specified)
Parameter
Minimum
Typical
Maximum
MTO time-base variation
Pulse-trickle frequency
Data Sheet Revision History
Change No.
Page No.
Description
Nature of Change
Minimum current termination
Was: 14% Is: 7%
Added state diagram
Changed capacitor value for en- abling top-off
Was: 0.13F Is: 0.26F
Figure 8
Schematic updated
VTCO, VHTF, VLTF
Tolerance updated
Minimum current (for fast charge termination)
Was: IMAX/7
Is: IMAX/14
Change Figure 1
Connection added between TS and ADC and connection deleted between BAT and ADC.
Change Figure 2
Battery temperature was: (checked at all times)
Is: (sampled every 16 seconds for ∆T/∆t)
Change package
Was: 8-Pin TSSOP �TS Package Suffix
Is: 8-Pin PSOP
Change Ordering Information
Was: TS = 8-pin TSSOP Is: PW = 8-pin TSSOP
Note: Change 1 = May 1999 B changes to Final from Jan. 1999 Preliminary data sheet.
Change 2 = February 2000 changes from May 1999 B. Change 3 = February 2001 C changes from February 2000
Ordering Information
bq2000T
Package Option:
PN = 8-pin narrow plastic DIP
SN = 8-pin narrow SOIC PW = 8-pin SSOP
Device:
bq2000T Multi-Chemistry Fast-Charge IC with �T/�t Detection
8-Pin DIP (PN)
8-Pin PN (0.300" DIP)
E A B1
8-Pin SOIC Narrow (SN)
8-Pin SN (0.150" SOIC)
Dimension
Inches
Millimeters
bq2000T
8-Pin PSOP
14 PINS SHOWN
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM 4-Mar-2005
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status (1)
Package
Package
Drawing
Package
Eco Plan (2)
Lead/Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp (3)
BQ2000TPN-B5
ACTIVE
Pb-Free
CU SNPB
Level-NC-NC-NC
BQ2000TPW
ACTIVE
CU NIPDAU
Level-1-220C-UNLIM
BQ2000TPWR
ACTIVE
CU NIPDAU
Level-1-220C-UNLIM
BQ2000TSN-B5
ACTIVE
CU SNPB
Level-1-220C-UNLIM
BQ2000TSN-B5TR
ACTIVE
CU SNPB
Level-1-220C-UNLIM
(1) The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2) Eco Plan - May not be currently available - please check for the latest availability information and additional product content details.
None: Not yet available Lead (Pb-Free).
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean "Pb-Free" and in addition, uses package materials that do not contain halogens, including bromine (Br) or antimony (Sb) above 0.1% of total product weight.
(3) MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDECindustry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
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Addendum-Page 1
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